.\"-
.\" Copyright (c) 2006 nCircle Network Security, Inc.
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This software was developed by Robert N. M. Watson for the TrustedBSD
.\" Project under contract to nCircle Network Security, Inc.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR, NCIRCLE NETWORK SECURITY,
.\" INC., OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
.\" SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
.\" TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
.\" PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
.\" LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
.\" NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
.\" SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\" $FreeBSD: head/share/man/man9/priv.9 183113 2008-09-17 15:49:44Z attilio $
.\"
.Dd August 30, 2006
.Dt PRIV 9
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm priv
.Nd kernel privilege checking API
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In sys/priv.h
.Ft int
.Fn priv_check "struct thread *td" "int priv"
.Ft int
.Fn priv_check_cred "struct ucred *cred" "int priv" "int flags"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
interfaces check to see if specific system privileges are granted to the
passed thread,
.Fa td ,
or credential,
.Fa cred .
This interface replaces the now removed
.Xr suser 9
privilege checking interface.
Privileges typically represent rights in one of two categories: the right to
manage a particular component of the system, or an exemption to a specific
policy or access control list.
The caller identifies the desired privilege via the
.Fa priv
argument.
The optional flags argument,
.Fa flags ,
is currently unused.
.Ss Privilege Policies
Privileges are typically granted based on one of two base system policies:
the superuser policy, which grants privilege based on the effective (or
sometimes real) UID having a value of 0, and the
.Xr jail 2
policy, which permits only certain privileges to be granted to processes in a
jail.
The set of available privileges may also be influenced by the TrustedBSD MAC
Framework, described in
.Xr mac 9 .
.Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
When adding a new privilege check to a code path, first check the complete
list of current privileges in
.Pa sys/priv.h
to see if one already exists for the class of privilege required.
Only if there is not an exact match should a new privilege be added to the
privilege list.
As privilege numbers becomes encoded in the kernel module ABI, privilege
constants must not be changed as any kernel modules depending on privileges
will then need to be recompiled.
When adding a new privilege, be certain to also determine whether it should
be listed in
.Fn prison_priv_check ,
which includes a complete list of privileges granted to the root user in
.Xr jail 2 .
.Pp
Certain catch-all privileges exist, such as
.Dv PRIV_DRIVER ,
intended to be used by device drivers, rather than adding a new
driver-specific privilege.
.Sh RETURN VALUES
Typically, 0 will be returned for success, and
.Er EPERM
will be returned on failure.
Most consumers of
.Nm
will wish to directly return the error code from a failed privilege check to
user space; a small number will wish to translate it to another error code
appropriate to a specific context.
.Pp
When designing new APIs, it is preferable to return explicit errors from a
call if privilege is not granted rather than changing the semantics of the
call but returning success.
For example, the behavior exhibited by
.Xr stat 2 ,
in which the generation field is optionally zero'd out when there is
insufficient privilege is highly undesirable, as it results in frequent
privilege checks, and the caller is unable to tell if an access control
failure occurred.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr jail 2 ,
.Xr mac 9 ,
.Xr ucred 9
.Sh AUTHORS
The
.Nm
API and implementation were created by
.An Robert Watson
under contract to
nCircle Network Security, Inc.